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Google names crawlability, indexability and sitemaps as the levers for being found and recrawled. Markup is not on that list.
What actually moves indexing?
Whether the URL can be crawled, whether it is allowed to be indexed, and whether Google has a reason to spend a crawl on it again. Sitemaps, lastmod, internal links, status codes and canonicals belong to that system.
Where does structured data sit?
After a URL has been fetched. It belongs to understanding and to rich-result eligibility once the parser has the document.
What is this based on?
Structured data does not directly speed crawling or indexing. A sitemap row that reads “Discovered – currently not indexed” is not repaired by adding JSON-LD.
Next in this set Crawl Budget Efficiency · SERP Visibility · Rich Results
Elsewhere on this site Entity grounding · Semantic search · Named entity recognition · Client-side rendering check · Large language models · Answer engine optimization · Generative engine optimization · Evidence · E-E-A-T